@article{ author = {Eslamirad, Zahr}, title = {Toxocariasis: The Sanitary Hazard in Urban Communities of Iran}, abstract ={Toxocariasis is human infection caused by larval stage of Toxocara helminthes. The adult Toxocara helminthes live in intestine of dog and cat, but if the human accidentally ingests the egg, the larva is released into the intestine and then penetrating to mucosal capillaries and by blood stream migrates to various organs. Considering to the larva of parasite cannot be adult in human body and finally is destroyed, but its placement in the organs leads to irritation and inflammation of the tissue and appearance of signs and symptoms. The parasite   affects liver, lung and central nervous system more than other organs. The most obvious symptoms of this disease are irregular fever, liver enlargement and sever eosinophilia. Other symptoms depend on the final location of the parasite, for example, respiratory symptoms (similar to asthma) will occur at the time of parasite settling in the lung and nervous disorder when the parasite is deployed in the nervous system (1). Sever clinical symptoms due to the disease is more common in 2 to 7 years old children, because of contacting with polluted playground soil or stray dog and cat, that the chance of them getting disease is increased (2). In developing countries including Iran, the diagnosis of the disease is done by collecting signs and symptoms, evaluating risk factor and laboratory results. Laboratory results which is considered on this disease containing eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia and increasing of isohemagglutinin A and B. The serological test by ELISA technique was used for diagnosis of anti-parasite antibody in European countries and USA, the sensitivity and specificity of this test was 78 and 98%, respectively. There is no definitive guideline to the treatment of the disease but the most common treatment plan is 400 mg albendazole and 100 to 200 mg mebendazole, twice a day for 5 days (1). In recent years the number of dogs and cats in the human environment has been increased in our country and consequently the rate of soil contamination to eggs of Toxocara has been increased. The consequence of this phenomenon is an increasing chance of human contact the egg of this parasite and onset of toxocariasis. The studies in Iran is reported the rate of soil contamination to this parasite is minimum 3.9% (Urmia) to maximum 63.3% (Khoramabad), while the rate of contamination in soil of Arak parks is 26.6% (3-5). In addition, the results of serological study showed that the prevalence of toxocariasis in 5 to 15 years old asthmatic patients was 1.8%, in Arak (6). But the results of a review study showed that the prevalence of toxocariasis in general population of Iran was 15.8% and this rate is increasing (7). Changes in Ecosystem and abundance of garbage in Iranian cities have led to overabundance of dogs and cats in human environment. On the other hand, accepting some of cultural western lifestyle such as keeping pets, apart from their social and legal responsibility has been caused increasing risk of infectious disease transmitted by animals such as toxocariasis.  Due to the relatively high prevalence of Toxocara infection among dogs and cats in Iran, the need to pay attention to the disease caused by this parasite is felt as a potential medical and health hazard in the country. In this condition, holding workshops for remembering of symptoms, diagnosis method, treatment and prevention of the disease for clinician associate with infected patients, would has an important role for quick diagnosis and remedy of the patients and would reduce the corporal and psychological load of them. Also, performing the research studies would help to know current epidemiological situation and changes that have taken place in various parts of Iran. In the other side, encouraging scholars for isolation, purification and examine excretory-secretory antigens of this parasite that used for producing the serological diagnostic kits could increase accuracy and reduce cost of diagnosis test of disease and finally improve the level of health in community.}, Keywords = {Toxocariasis, Iran, Dog, Cat.}, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-4}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5837-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5837-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Alboghobeysh, Sana and Khajehpour, Lotfollah and Kesmati, Mahnaz}, title = {Involvement of Opioid Receptors and Ascorbic Acid in the Improvement of Anxiety-Induced Nicotine in Adult Male Mice}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Anxiety is an adaptation response that is created in response to multiple physiological and environmental stresses. It is clear that involvement of various neurotransmitter systems has important role in the anxiety process. Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant that plays a role in many physiological reactions in the body. On the other hand, nicotine, which increases with tobacco intake, has an anxiogenic effect. Naloxone, as an opioid receptor antagonist, also plays an important role in the development of anxiety behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of naloxone-co-administered vitamin C on anxiety induced nicotine. Materials and Methods: 84 male mice (30 ± 2 gr) were randomly divided into 12 groups. Anxiety test was performed 30 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of drugs by an elevated plus maze apparatus for 5 minutes. Anxiety indices such as percentage of open arm entry (OAE%) and percentage of time staying in the open arm (OAT%) were recorded and evaluated. Findings: In this research, injection of nicotine (0.8 mg/kg, ip) increased anxiety behaviors. Vitamin C (80 mg/kg, ip) improved the nicotine-induced anxiety. This effect of vitamin C was inhibited by ineffective dose of naloxone (4 mg/kg, ip). Conclusion: It seems that vitamin C decreases anxiety behavior of nicotine in the presence of opioid receptors.}, Keywords = {Anxiety, Naloxone, Nicotine, Vitamin C. }, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {5-13}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5276-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5276-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Esmaeili, Saeed and Minasian, Vazgen and Bayat, Mohammad and Karami, Hadi}, title = {Effect of Exercise Training on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptor Gene Expression in Cardiac Tissue of Type 2 Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes is one of the effective and inhibiting factors in controlling blood glucose and vascular disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its type 1 receptor in cardiac tissue of type 2 diabetic rats following three different training methods. Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups: healthy control, diabetic control, and diabetic groups with endurance, resistance, and combined exercise training. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and exercises were performed 5 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Evaluation of the levels of gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor 1 was performed by RT-qPCR. Findings: The results showed a significant reduction in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in diabetic control, endurance training and resistance training groups, as well as a significant increase in expression of its receptor in diabetic control group and all training groups compared to healthy control group (p <0.001). Comparisons with the diabetic control group showed that in all training groups, the vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression increased, but in the its receptor 1 it was significantly decreased (p <0.001). Conclusion: The findings suggest that different training exercises are effective in improving angiogenesis, but combined exercises have a certain superiority compared to other exercises.  }, Keywords = {Exercise training, Type 2 diabetes, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. }, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {14-23}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5632-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5632-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Bayati, Mahdi and Gharakhanlou, Reza and Nikkhah, Maryam and AmaniShalamzari, Sadegh}, title = {The Effect of Four Weeks of High-intensity Interval Training on PGC-1α and VEGF Protein Contents in Skeletal Muscle of Active Men}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIT) increase skeletal muscle aerobic capacity, yet little is known about the potential mechanisms in improvement of this adaptability. The purpose of present study was to examine the effect of four weeks of HIT on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein contents in skeletal muscle of active men. Materials and Methods: Eight active male students voluntarily and purposefully participated in this study. One week before the experiment started; subjects were familiar with protocol of research. Needle biopsy samples vastus lateralis were obtained 48 h before training and 72 h after the final training session. HIT protocol consisted of 11-15 bouts of 1 min cycling at ∼85-90% of reserve heart rate separated by 1 min of active recovery between each, 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Variables were measured by ELISA. All data were analyzed using paired t-test and at the level of significance of p ≤ 0.05. Findings: Results of study showed the four weeks of HIT lead to significant increase in PGC-1α and VEGF (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that activation of VEGF from PGC-1α pathway is part of cellular-molecular mechanisms of high-intensity interval training. So, probably angiogenesis in skeletal muscle is one of the most important factors in improving of aerobic performance, which requires more studies.}, Keywords = {Angiogenesis, High-intensity Interval Training, Human, Skeletal Muscle. }, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {24-32}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5641-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5641-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Jalalvand, Fatemeh and Asle-Rousta, Masoumeh}, title = {Effect of Myrtus Communis Hydro-Alcoholic Extract on Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Spatial Memory Deficit in Adult Male Rats}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Chronic restraint stress impairs spatial learning and memory. Myrtle (Myrtus communis) has antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of myrtle hydroalcoholic extract on chronic restraint stress-induced spatial learning and memory deficit in adult male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 80 adult male Wistar rats were allocated to eight groups (10 in each) included control group (intact), myrtle0.75, myrtle1.5, myrtle3 groups (were gavaged with hydroalcoholic extract of myrtle at 0.75, 1.5 and 3 mg/ kg bw doses), stress group (restrained in restrainers for 6 hours per day for 21 consecutive days), stress- myrtle0.75, stress-myrtle1.5 and stress- myrtle3 groups (received myrtle extract at 0.75, 1.5 and 3 mg/ kg bw doses and exposed to chronic immobility stress). Spatial learning and memory were examined through the Morris water maze test. Findings: Chronic immobilization stress caused spatial learning and memory impairment. Consuming doses 1.5 and 3 of Myrtle extract to stressed animals caused significant decrease in spent time and swam distance to reach the hidden platform (p<0.05) and increased time lapsed in target quadrant comparing with stress group (p<0.05). Conclusion: It has been concluded that myrtle extract can improve spatial learning and memory in rats exposed to stress in a dose dependent manner.}, Keywords = {Myrtle (Myrtus communis), Rat, Restraint stress, Spatial memory. }, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {33-41}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5517-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5517-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {HajiMohammadAli, Roshanak and Parsania, Masoud and Amin, Gholamrez}, title = {Comparison of Antiviral Effects of Methanol and Hexane Extracts of Chelidonium Majus L. Against Acyclovir Resistant Herpes Simplex Type 1}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) may lead to oral herpes, encephalitis and keratoconjunctivitis. Today, following the increasing of HSV-1 prevalence and drug resistance, there has been an interest in the use of natural substance. In this study, we assessed the effect of hexane and methanol extracts of Chelidonium majus L. against acyclovir-resistant HSV-1. Materials and Methods: The toxicity threshold of Chelidonium majus L. hexane and methanol extracts on HeLa cell was determined with trypan blue and MTT methods. Their direct antiviral effects were evaluated against HSV-1. Different concentrations of extracts in different times of virus replication have been evaluated. In each stage, the viral titers were tested by TCID50 assay. Findings: The methanol extract at the concentration of 200 µg/ml and hexane extract at the concentration of 600 µg/ml were determined as effective minimal cytotoxic concentration on HeLa cell line. These concentrations did not have significant virucidal effects on Herpes simplex virus. The maximum antiviral effects of methanol extract at the concentration of 200 µg/ml was exhibited 1 and 2 hours after virus adsorption and reduced virus titer 4 logTCID50 compared to the control. Hexane extract did not have antiviral effect. Conclusion: methanol extract of chelidonium majus L. compared to hexane extract showed significant antiviral effect on acyclovir-resistant HSV-1. Further research is required to identify specific bioactive compounds of this plant in order to be used in anti-herpes drugs.}, Keywords = {Acyclovir-resistant Herpes simplex virus type 1, Antiviral effects, Chelidonium majus L. extracts . }, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {42-52}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5569-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5569-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Dorostghoal, Mehran and Seyyednejad, Seyyed Mansour and Jabari, Ayoob}, title = {Effects of Dorema Aucheri Extract on Oxidative Status and Reproductive Parameters in Adult Male Rats}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Recently, there is increasing concern about the declining of male reproductive health. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a possible mechanism contributed in reproductive system failure. Dorema aucheri that is being used in Persian folk medicine has been supposed to have male fertility-enhancing properties. Present study was done to evaluate the impacts of Dorema aucheri on oxidative status and reproductive parameters in male rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, healthy adult male Wistar rats were treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of ethanolic D. aucheri leaves extract via gavage for 70 days. Blood samples were collected for analysis of testosterone, LH and FSH serum levels. Reproductive organs weight, density, motility and morphology of spermatozoa, seminiferous tubules diameter, germinal epithelium height and also testicular levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were evaluated. Findings: Significant (p<0.05) increases were seen in the testis and epididymis weights of male rats treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg D. aucheri extract. In rats treated with D. aucheri extract sperm density and percent of morphologically normal sperm were significantly (p<0.05) higher. No significant differences were seen in serum testosterone, FSH and LH levels between D. aucheri extract-treated groups and controls. D. aucheri significantly (p<0.05) reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and also increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in testicular tissue of rats. Conclusion: Present study indicates that D. aucheri leaves extract has beneficial effects on reproductive parameters in male rats which might be a consequence of its antioxidant properties.}, Keywords = {Dorema aucheri, Fertility, Oxidative stress ,Reproduction, permatogenesis. }, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {53-64}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5635-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5635-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Shahsavandi, Shahla and Ebrahimi, Mohammad Majid and Samiee, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Promotion the Immunogenicity of Chitosan Nanoparticle-Based Influenza Vaccine Using Hemokinin-1}, abstract ={Background and Aim: The inactivated vaccines are formulated with adjuvant to direct the host immune responses and also increase stability of the antigen. In recent years, the development of biological adjuvants and the evaluation of their ability in elicitation of immune responses against influenza virus have been considered. Hemokinin-1 (HK-1) activates T and B cells for differentiation into plasma cells, and antibody production. In this study, the effect of HK-1 for inducing humoral immune response against influenza chitosan based-nano vaccine was investigated. Materials and Methods: Chitosan nanoparticle containing inactivated influenza antigen and chitosan nanoparticle containing the inactivated antigen formulated with HK-1 were prepared. Immune response following influenza nanoparticles vaccinations with and without the adjuvant was assessed in SPF chickens after prime and boost immunizations. Specific antibody levels against influenza were evaluated in serum samples of treatment and control groups by serological tests. Findings: The chickens immunized with the HK-1 adjuvanted nano vaccine produced higher specific antibody titers that were sustained until the end of experiment comparable either with inactivated antigen alone or the H9N2 nanoparticles without HK-1 adjuvant. Administration of boosting had no effect on the enhancing of antibody titer. Conclusion: The data show that the chitosan nanoparticles provide better absorption conditions and more stability and release of the influenza antigen in the presence of HK-1 biological adjuvant.}, Keywords = {Hemokinin-1, Influenza, Nanoparticles . }, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {65-74}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5644-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5644-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Sadrnia, Maryam and Habibi, Ghasem and Arjomandzadegan, Mohamm}, title = {Comparison of Disk Diffusion and Micro-Dilution Broth Methods for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effects of Myrtus Extract on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli ESBL}, abstract ={Background and Aim: In this study, the effect of Myrtus extracts on 25 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli ESBL strains isolated from patients were compared by two methods. Materials and Methods: 15 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 10 Escherichia coli ESBL isolates were used in this study. Fresh Leaves of Myrtus were collected from the herbal medicine farm. Extraction was performed using a reflux distillation. The effect of concentrations 0.195-100 micrograms per ml of Myrtus extract on clinical isolates was analyzed in disk diffusion method compared with micro broth dilution method and with MTT in 545 nm on an ELISA reader apparatus. Findings: Inhibition zone diameter for the minimum effective concentration of 50 micrograms per milliliter in all isolates of ESBL and MRSA were as 8±1 mm and 11±1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was 6.25mic/ml and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined 12.5mic/ml for E. coli ESBL. Furthermore, the amounts for MIC and MBC was determined as 12.5 and 25 mic/ml, respectively for Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: The results of this study showed compliance of two methods in evaluation of drug-resistant clinical isolates. It was proved that the disk diffusion method could be determining range of effective concentration but micro broth method determines the effective concentration carefully. It is recommended that results obtained from disk diffusion not to be basis for final decisions in traditional medicine studies. Bacterial behavior in the broth and determination of the point of death greatly increases the accuracy of the results.}, Keywords = {Disk diffusion, Ecoli ESBL, Micro-dilution Broth, MRSA, Myrtus extract. }, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {75-82}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5516-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5516-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghasemi, Mina and KhazaeiKoohpar, Zeinab and Falahati, Mojtab}, title = {The Effect of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Magnetic Field on Angiogenesis and Deregulation of Vegfa Gene After Ischemia Reperfusion in Rat}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Prolonged ischemia in organs with high metabolic rates such as brain and heart is associated with deleterious effects. Therefore, nutritive distribution through angiogenesis after ischemia is necessary for repairing damaged region of tissue. In this study, the effects of iron oxide nanoparticles and magnetic field on angiogenesis after ischemia reperfusion (IR) in rat model have been investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, fifty male rats aged between 6 -7 weeks at the 220-250gr weight were purchased from Tehran University. Animals were categorized in 5 groups including sham (ischemia reperfusion model), control, iron oxide nanoparticles-treated, magnetic field-exposed, and combination therapy with iron oxide nanoparticles and magnetic field-exposed groups. Angiogenesis was evaluated in hippocampus of 5 groups after 4 days by H&E staining method. The expression of Vegfa gene was studied in 5 groups by Q-RT- PCR. Findings: Iron oxide nanoparticles as well as the magnetic field induced angiogenesis during 4 days in animals after IR (p<0.05), but their combination therapy did not show any significant difference compared to sham group during 4 days. Upregulation of Vegfa gene was observed in iron oxide nanoparticles treated group and the magnetic field exposed group significantly (p<0.05) relative to ischemia reperfusion (IR) model. But overexpression of Vegfa gene in combination therapy group was not significant relative to ischemia reperfusion (IR) group. Conclusion: It seems that iron oxide nanoparticles and magnetic field can separately be two effective methods for angiogenesis after ischemia reperfusion (IR).}, Keywords = {Iron oxide nanoparticles, Ischemia reperfusion (IR), Magnetic field, Q-RT-PCR, Vegfa. }, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {83-93}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5343-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5343-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {NakhzariKhodakheir, Javad and Haghighi, Amir Hossein and Hamedinia, Mohammad Rez}, title = {The Effects of Combined Exercise Training with Aerobic Dominant and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Serum BDNF and NGF levels in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Physical activity and exercise are as the methods stimulating the secretion of nerve growth factors in MS patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combined exercise training with aerobic dominant and supplementation of coenzyme Q10 on serum BDNF and NGF levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. Materials and Methods: In the semi-experimental research, twenty-eight MS patients (EDSS=3-5) were selected by using available sampling method and randomly divided into three experimental groups (combined exercise training + Q10 supplementation, combined exercise training + placebo, and Q10 supplementation) and one control group. two experimental groups performed a combined exercise program include two sessions of aerobic training and one session of resistance training three sessions per week for eight weeks. 200 mg of Q10 supplement was prescribed per day. Blood samples (after 10 hours fasting) were collected 24 hours before the first and 24 hours after the last session of exercise for evaluation of serum levels of BDNF and NGF. Data were analyzed with analysis of covariance at a significance level of p<0.05. Findings: The results showed no significant changes in serum levels of BDNF and NGF in the three experimental groups compared to the control group (p≥0.05). Conclusion: Combined exercise training with coenzyme Q10 supplementation cannot lead to changes in serum concentration of nerve growth factors (BDNF, NGF) in patients with MS. Therefore, it is necessary to change the duration and severity of this type of training as well as dose of Q10 supplementation.}, Keywords = {Brian derived neurotrophic factor, Coenzyme Q10, Combined exercise training, Multiple sclerosis, Nerve growth factor. }, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {94-103}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5633-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5633-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Nilforushan, Naveed and Miraftabi, Arezoo and Yadgari, Maryam and Alemzadeh, Sayyed Amirpooya and Hashemian, Mahs}, title = {Five Years Outcome of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Surgery in Refectory Glaucoma}, abstract ={Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rate and complications of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (AGV) insertion during a follow up of at least 5 years. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective case series study, patients with 5 years of follow up after AGV insertion were enrolled. Success was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) < 21 mm Hg (criterion A) and IOP < 16 mm Hg (criterion B), with at least 20% reduction in IOP, either with no medication (complete success) or with no more than preoperative medication (qualified success). Cumulative success was defined as sum of qualified and complete success. Findings: This study included 40 eyes of 40 patients with mean age of 40.63± 22.91years, (range 1 to 88). Cumulative survival success rates were 90%, 73% at 1 and 5 years after surgery according to criterion A and 42%, 25% based on criterion B with the median survival time of 60 months and 22.36 months, respectively. Complications were observed in 4 eyes of 4 patients (10%) and included wound dehiscence, choroidal detachment, encapsulated bleb and lid retraction. There were not any early complications such as hypotonia or hyphema. Conclusion: The present study was one of the largest series that reported the long-term outcome of AGV implantation in Asian patients with refractory glaucoma, and showed the wide difference of success rate between criterion A and B.  }, Keywords = {Ahmed glaucoma valve, Glaucoma, Intra ocular pressure, Long term outcome. }, volume = {21}, Number = {3}, pages = {104-113}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5626-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5626-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2018} }