@article{ author = {HadiChegni1, Shahrzad and Taghizadeh, Mohammad and Goliaei, Bahram}, title = {A Systematic Review of The Biophysical Aspect of The Effect of Pesticides on The Structural Changes in HSA Protein: The Analysis of Experimental and Computational Studies}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is one of the most abundant proteins in the blood vascular system which regulates the transportation of many chemical compounds and molecules. The purpose of this study is to review the studies about the effects of three groups of pesticides (Insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) on the molecular structure of HSA protein.  Methods & Materials: This systematic review covers 35 studies of biophysical studies of the effect of pesticides on HSA protein. These papers were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science databases and using Google Scholar search engine among those published from 1980 to 2019.  Ethical Considerations: In this study, all ethical principles were considered. Results: Given the close relationship between biological activities of HSA and its secondary structure, the most of the reviewed articles analyzed the secondary structures of the HSA using various biophysical methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Circular Dichroism (CD) and computational analysis. In general, HSA-pesticides interactions can cause a reduction in α-helix structure and an increase in other secondary structures including β-sheet, β-anti, and random coils. In the most reports, it has been proven that the pesticides interact with HSA through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. These interactions take place in the IIA subdomain (Site 1) of HSA. The binding constants of these interactions were in the range of 10 3 to 10 6 M-1. Conclusion : The changes around the single important tryptophan residue of HSA (Trp-214) induce conformational deformity in the IIA subdomain of this protein which causes the loss of its native structure and leads to a decrease in free HSA concentrations which subsequently interrupts the transport of the essential compounds like drugs and hormones in the blood vascular system.}, Keywords = {Circular dichroism spectroscopy, Electrostatic interaction, Fourier transform infrared, Human serum albumin, Hydrophobic interaction.}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {136-169}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6080-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6080-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Khaki, Mohsen and Abtahi, Hamid and Mosayebi, Ghasem}, title = {The Effect of Chemical Additives in Refolding of Recombinant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor}, abstract ={Background and Aim: The most important problem in the production of recombinant proteins in prokaryotic cells is the disruption of the function of these proteins due to their altered natural structure. The aim of present study is to identify the best chemicals dialysis buffer additives in order to improve the protein structure of recombinant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Methods & Materials: In this experimental study, different chemicals additives were selected using relevant software. After adding these additives to the recombinant VEGF dialysis buffer, their effect on the refolding of recombinant proteins and the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into endothelial cells was assessed by flow cytometry method. Ethical Considerations: This study obtained its ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: ARAKMU. REC.1394.199). Results: The results showed that the addition of arginine, cysteine and dithiothreitol (DTT) to dialysis buffer increases the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into endothelial cells. With the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl), cysteine, arginine and DTT in treated cells, the rate of specific Cluster Differentiation (CD) markers of endothelial cell (CD31/144) was at the highest level.  Conclusion: Adding cysteine, arginine, DTT and NaCl to the dialysis buffer of recombinant VEGF had the greatest effect on the mesenchymal cell differentiation into endothelial cells.}, Keywords = {Cell differentiation, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Chemical additives, Cluster Differentiation marker}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {170-181}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6.33.14}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6206-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6206-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Zabihi, Eslam and Motavallibashi, Seyed Eqbal and Panahpour1, Hamdollah and SheikhkanlouiMilan, Hami}, title = {Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Truffle (Terfezia Boudieri) on Serum Level of Thyroid Hormones in Male Rats}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Thyroid gland makes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones. These hormones are really effective in regulating and control of basal metabolism. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Terfezia Boundary (TB) on the serum level of thyroid hormones. Methods & Materials: In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats (weighing 200±10 g) were selected and divided into five groups of 6 including control, sham (received normal saline) and three experimental groups received TB with 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg doses via intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. Samples from all groups were collected at the end of the 14th day directly from the heart to evaluate thyroid hormone. The data were statistically analyzed in SPSS v. 12. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (code: IR.ARUMS.REC.1396.48). Results: The results of this study showed that the T3 and T4 levels in the experimental groups 2 (150 mg/kg) and 3 (300 mg/kg) increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) level in the experimental groups 1 (75 mg/kg), 2 (150 mg/kg) and 3 (300 mg/kg) decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05, P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively).  Conclusion: Hydroalcoholic extract of TB can increase the serum levels of thyroid hormones and reduce TSH level.}, Keywords = {Thyroid hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Truffle, Rats}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {182-191}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6.2949.2}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6078-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6078-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Zamani, Nastaran and Moazedi, Ahmad Ali}, title = {The Effects of Co-Administration of Memantine And Vitamin D on Spatial Learning and Memory Impairment in Adult Male Rats Model of Alzheimer’s Disease}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Alzheimer’s disease is the most common causes of dementia among the elderly people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effects of memantine and vitamin D on spatial learning and memory impairment in adult male rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Methods & Materials: In this experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups (n=7): 1= Control, 2= NBM lesion (received bilateral electric lesion of NBM), 3= Sham (the electrode was entered into the NBM with no electric lesion), 4= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine (received saline), 5= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Vitamin D (received saline), 6= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine+ Vehicle Vitamin D (received saline plus sesame oil), 7= NBM lesion+ Vitamin D; 8= NBM lesion+Memantine, and 9= NBM lesion+Vitamin D+Memantine. After one week, the rats were trained to perform the Y-maze task for five days. Twenty five days after training, a retention test was performed to evaluate their long-term memory. Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics code of “EE/ 97, 24, 3061243/scu.ac.ir” was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz In Iran. Results: Bilateral NBM lesion reduced spatial learning in comparison with control and sham groups. No effect on spatial learning was observed in NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine and NBM lesion+ Vehicle Vitamin D groups compared to the NBM lesion group. Spatial learning and memory in NBM lesion +Vitamin D+Memantine group (P<0.001) was significantly improved compared to NBM lesion+Vitamin D (P<0.01) and NBM lesion+Memantine (P<0.05) groups. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the results in the 5th day of training and the memory retention at the 30th day.  Conclusion: Co-administration of memantine and vitamin D is more effective than memantine or vitamin D alone in spatial learning and memory improvement in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. }, Keywords = {Vitamin D, Memantine, Spatial learning, Nucleus basalis of magnocellularis, Alzheimer’s disease}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {192-203}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6.5166.2}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6147-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6147-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Yousefie, Homa and Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, Anahita and Falsafinejad, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Psychological Challenges of Patients After of With Renal Disease After Transplantation: A Qualitative Study}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Currently, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease has increased for a variety of reasons. Renal diseases, followed by dialysis and kidney transplantation, can greatly affect the People's physical and mental health. Since most of previous studies have examined the physical and often preoperative problems of kidney transplant patients and many of them have used quantitative methods, the present study aimed to investigate the psychological challenges of renal disease patients after Kidney transplantation. Methods & Materials: The study population consisted of kidney transplant patients referred to the Nephrology Clinic of Labafinejad Hospitalin Tehran, Iran in 2019 aged 35-50 years and 1-5 years had passed since their transplantation. A semi-structured in-depth interview was done for collecting information. A purposive sampling and continued until data saturation and until no themes were available. In the end, 15 patients were interviewed. Data analysis was performed by Colaizzi’s method. Ethical Considerations: This study with a code of IR.IAU.SRE.1398.022 was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch in Tehran, Iran. Results: The primary themes were divided in to 3 main themes including: Concerns and psychologically disturbing feelings, emotional and spiritual support of the family, and uncertainty of receiving specialized, financial and welfare support. Conclusion: Patients with kidney disease after transplantation surgery have psychological challenges in addition to physical problems that are of great importance to mental health professionals. Studying these challenges can provide a deeper understanding of their psychological problems and adaptation after surgery.}, Keywords = {Psychological challenges, Renal disease, Transplantation, Qualitative study}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {204-217}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6.5888.2}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6145-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6145-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ghane, Maryam and Adham, Farib}, title = {Frequency of TEM and PER Beta-Lactamase Genes in Urinary Isolates of Escherichia Coli Producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases}, abstract ={Background and Aim: recent years, increase in extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli has led to limitations of treatment options. This study aimed to find the frequency of blaTEM and blaPER genes among ESBL producing urinary isolates of E. coli and detect their resistance pattern. Methods & Materials: From January 2016 to February 2017, 972 urine samples from patients suspected of having urinary tract infections in three main hospitals and laboratories in Karaj were collected. Bacterial identification, antimicrobial susceptibility and ESBL production were performed according to the standard guidelines. Polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of TEM and PER -lactamases. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University of Tehran Medical Branch (Code: IR.IAU.TMU.REC.1396.274). Results: Out of 972 samples, 500 cases were culture-positive for E. coli. Thirty-six percent (n =180) of the isolates were determined as ESBL-producer. Among ESBL positive isolates, the most susceptibility was observed in amikacin and imipenem (80 and 60% respectively). Resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole,ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and gentamicin was 92.7%, 78.9%, 66.1% and 57.8%, respectively. All ESBL producers exhibited multidrug resistance. Among the ESBL-positive isolates, blaTEM gene was detected in 44.72% (n=85) of the isolates, but the blaPER gene was not found in any of the isolates. Conclusion: The prevalence of multidrug resistant ESBLs producing uropatogenic E. coli is high. Continues monitoring of ESBL producers and their resistance patterns can help to reduce the spread of such resistant strains in the community. }, Keywords = {Escherichia coli, Drug resistance, β-lactamases}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {218-229}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6.2891.1}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6064-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6064-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ahrari, Khadijeh and Gholami, Mandana and Chamani, Maryam and Abednatanzi, Hossei}, title = {Effects of a Combined Aerobic and Resistant Exercise Training Program on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Pregnant Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Pregnancy and exercise training are associated with changes in the cardiovascular anatomy and physiology. There is a few studies on this issue in Iran. In this regard, the aim of this study is to assess the effect of a combined exercise training program on blood pressure and heart rate variability of pregnant women. Methods & Materials: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in Shahid Akbarabadi Hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2019. Participants were 10 healthy pregnant women with a gestational age of 24-26 weeks in the interventional group and 10 healthy pregnant women in the control group. The interventional group received 8 weeks of combined exercise training at moderate intensity. The blood pressure measurement, electrocardiogram and aerobic and resistant exercise tests of samples were performed before and after training. AST3000 Avicenna software was used to analyze the heart rate variability parameters, and for statistical analysis, paired and independent t-tests, Mann Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests were used.  Ethical Considerations: This study with registered clinical trial code IRCT20190227042856N1 was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University of Science and Research Branch in Tehran, Iran (code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1397.101). Results: The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were lower in the interventional group by the 34th week of pregnancy compared to the control group (P<0.05). The mean of time-domain parameters in the interventional group were higher by the 34th week of pregnancy compared to the control group (P<0.05).  Conclusion: Combined exercise training can improve autonomic and parasympathetic nervous systems in pregnant women. }, Keywords = {Combined exercise training, Blood pressure, Heart rate variability, Pregnancy}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {230-241}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6.5930.2}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6177-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6177-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Mirhoseini, Seyed Hamed and Ariyan, Fatemeh and mohammadi, Samaneh}, title = {Quantitative and Qualitative Monitoring of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi and Their Relationship with Environmental Parameters in Two Selected Primary Schools}, abstract ={Background and Aim: The assessment of indoor air quality and detection of its microbial pollutants in classrooms is very important because of the presence of children sensitive to these pollutants. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration and characterization of dominant species of biological aerosols and their relationship with environmental factors in two selected primary schools in Arak, Iran. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted at two primary schools in Arak, Iran in Fall 2018. Indoor air sampling was performed using single-stage Andersen microbial sampler (at flow rate of 28.3 liters/min) containing bacterial and fungal culture media. The effects of suspended Particulate Matter (PM) and environmental parameters (temperature and humidity) on the density of bioaerosols were evaluated. Ethical Considerations: This study with an ethics code of IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.76 was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Arak University of Medical Sciences. Results: The overall mean density of indoor bacteria and fungi was 448 cfu/m3 and 394 cfu/m3, while the mean density of outdoor bacteria and fungi was 210 cfu/m3 and 127 cfu/m3, respectively. There was a positive correlation between indoor density of airborne bacteria and suspected PM concentrations (PM 10 and PM 2.5), and between PM2.5 concentration and indoor fungal density (P<0.05). Penicillium (40%), Cladosporium (19%) and Aspergillus (16%) were dominant species of fungi, while Staphylococcus (42%), Micrococcus (28%), Bacillus (21%) were the dominant species of bacteria. Conclusion: The age and type of building and the density of students in a classroom are the main factors in increasing the concentration of bioaerosols. }, Keywords = {Bioaerosol, Primary school, Particulate matter, Bacteria, Fungi}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {242-251}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6.5931.1}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6148-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6148-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Panahi, Yousef and KianiFard, Davood and Feyzi, Fatemeh}, title = {Effect of Oral Methylphenidate on the Experimental Epileptiform Activity in Male Rats}, abstract ={Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the stimulatory and protective effects of Methylphenidate (MPD) on the experimental epilepsy induced by intraperitoneal injection of Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in adult male rats. Methods & Materials: In this study, 15 male rats (weight, 200-250 gr) dividied into one control group (n=5) received normal saline and two treatment groups; the first group (n=5) received MPD with a dose of 2.5 mg/kg and the second group (n=5) received MPD with a dose of 5 mg/kg by gavage. After anesthesia with ketamine-xylazin combination and animal skull surgery, the recorded electrodes were inserted into the cranium in the stratum striatum layer of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and epileptic activity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of PTZ (80 mg/kg) and the epileptiform activity was evaluated in terms of the number of spikes per time unit and their amplitudes by eTrace software. Ethical Considerations: This study with an ethics code of FVMT.REC.1397.67 was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at University of Tabriz.  Results: Oral MPD at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg doses increased the number of spikes up to 576 and 613, respectively, compared to the control group (330 spikes), which were statistically significant. Amplitude of PTZ-induced epileptic activity after treatment with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg MPD reached 1254 and 1085 respectively compared to control group (1051), which were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The doses of oral MPD used in this study potentiate seizure activity. Therefore, the use of this drug in people with a background of seizure or suffering from some types of seizure should be cautious, and the evaluation of its effect in these patients need further studies.}, Keywords = {Methylphenidate, Rat, Epilepsy, Pentylenetetrazole}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {252-261}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6.5959.1}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6124-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6124-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Abdolhosseini, Zeinab and RahimianBoogar, Isaac and Telepasand, Siyavash}, title = {Projective Response of Patients with Somatic Symptom Disorder Compared To Controls Based On Location Score in Rorschach Test}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Physical complaints that have no clear cause are a process that is commonly seen in patients with Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD). The increasing number of patients with this disorder and its related chronic symptoms including changes in quality of life and loss of individual efficiency has created social and psychological economic costs for these patients and their families. Methods & Materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on 70 patients with SSD having digestive symptoms and chronic pain referred to the health centers in Semnan, Iran in winter 2018. They were selected using a convenience sampling method. The data collection tools were 15-item Patient Health Questionnaire Physical Symptoms (PHQ-15) and Rorschach test (Exner’s Comprehensive System). In order to analyze the collected data, multiple linear regression analysis, logistic regression analysis, and multivariate ANOVA were performed in SPSS v. 22 software. Ethical Considerations: The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Semnan University of Medical Sciences (code: IR.SEMUMS.REC.1397.029). Results: Perceived location indices including D and Dd scores in Rorschach test were able to significantly differentiate the SSD patients from controls (P<0.05). In the logistic regression model, 70% of participants were classified properly. Conclusion: There is difference in projective responses between SSD patients and controls, and patients were less holistic. Anxiety and psychiatric symptoms were also higher in patients with SSD.}, Keywords = {Somatic symptom disorder, Rorschach test, Perceived location}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {262-273}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6.5966.1}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6127-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6127-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {AhmadiGanjeh, Zahra and Eslami-Kalantari, Mohammad and Mowlavi, Ali Asghar}, title = {The Effect of Phantom Compositions on Dose Calculations in Proton Therapy of Liver Cancer}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Sicne in many dosimetry calculations, the water and soft tissue phantoms are used, this study aimed to investigate the difference of these two phantoms with a phantom consisted of realistic liver materials in proton therapy for liver cancer. Methods & Materials: Three phantoms with different materials of water, soft tissue and realistic liver materials were used for the study. A spherical tumor with 2 cm radius was considered in the liver. The Spread-out Bragg Peaks (SOBPs) were measured to cover the complete tumor for the three phantoms. Dose distribution and deposited dose ratio in tumor and surrounding organs were calculated using Monte Carlo N-Particle Extended (MCNPX) code.  Ethical Considerations: The best proton energy interval to complete the coverage of tumor in the liver for phantoms with realistic and soft tissue materials was 90-120 MeV and for water phantom, it was 88-116 MeV. The shift of the Bragg peaks depth per energy in the water phantom mm relative to two other phantoms was about 4.5. The dose parameters were evaluated according to the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), and the results showed no any significant difference between them. The dose distribution in the tumor and surrounding organs showed that for all three phantoms, the dose distribution around the tumor was negligible. Results: The use of soft tissue phantom has more acceptable results than water phantom in simulating treatment and can be replaced with realistic liver tissue. More realistic phantoms should be used in treatment plan.  Conclusion: The use of soft tissue phantom has more acceptable results than water phantom in simulating treatment and can be replaced with realistic liver tissue. More realistic phantoms should be used in treatment plan. }, Keywords = {Proton therapy, Simulation, Liver cancer, Spread-out Bragg Peaks, Dose distribution}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {274-287}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6.6019.1}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6178-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6178-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Sadighi, Alirez}, title = {Subcutaneous Emphysema Following Molar Tooth Extraction: A Case Report}, abstract ={The surgical extraction of third molars is the most frequent surgical procedure in oral surgery. Subcutaneous emphysema is an uncommon clinical condition caused by forceful injection of air into the loose connective tissue below the dermal layer, and mostly is the result of using a high-speed air-driven hand piece during surgical tooth extraction. Subcutaneous emphysema is seen mostly in the third and fifth decade of life and in the right mandibular wisdom tooth extraction surgery site. Emphysema can spread to deep spaces such as infratemporal, pterygomandibular, masseteric, lateral or retropharyngeal or mediastinum. This study presents a case report of subcutaneous emphysema occurred during the third molar extraction by using an air-driven hand piece in a 28-year-old female patient. This study has no specific ethical considerations. Informed consent was obtained from the patient to use her information and images. Case management and the issues relative to the diagnosis and prevention of this surgical complication are discussed. Trismus was present with maximum opening of about 30 mm, and no signs of dysphagia and dyspnea were reported. Patient was administered 4 million units of penicillin Intravenous (IV) every 4 hours, metronidazole 500 mg IV every 8 hours solved in 100-cc normal saline infused slowly, and rinsing mouth with 0.2% chlorhexidine every 8 hours. The patient was hospitalized for 36 hours and treated with antibiotic regimen, and then followed up for day 5 until complete resolution of swelling, maximum opening up to 50 mm, and lack of crepitation. No other local, systemic and infectious complications occurred. }, Keywords = {Subcutaneous Emphysema, Molar, Mandible}, volume = {22}, Number = {6}, pages = {288-295}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/JAMS.22.6.5995.1}, url = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6158-en.html}, eprint = {http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6158-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-5338}, eissn = {2008-644X}, year = {2020} }