Volume 29, Issue 1 (3-2026)
J Arak Uni Med Sci 2026, 29(1): 34-42 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Shahbazpour M, Mousavi S M, Asadi Majreh S. The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy Based on mother Training on Social-Emotional Competence in Adolescent Girls with Psychopathic Behaviours in the academic years 2023-24. J Arak Uni Med Sci 2026; 29 (1) :34-42
URL: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-7974-en.html
URL: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-7974-en.html
1- Department of Psychology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
2- Department of Health Psychology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran ,mm.mousavi@iau.ac.ir
2- Department of Health Psychology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran ,
Abstract: (570 Views)
Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy based on mother training on Social- emotional competence in adolescent girls with psychopathic behavior.
Methods: This semi-experimental study employed a pre-test, post-test, and a two-month follow-up. Individuals were randomly put into an experiment and a control group. The participants were 20 adolescent girls exhibiting psychopathic behaviour and their mothers, who were selected from 520, 10th and 11th-grade students. They were chosen through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to either the schema therapy group or the control group (10 participants in each). The measurement tools used in this study included the Levenson Psychopathic Behaviour Questionnaire and the Zhou & Ee Social- Emotional Competence Questionnaire. The intervention groups (mothers) underwent schema therapy (12 sessions), while the mothers in the control group did not have any especial programs. The questionnaires were completed by their teenage children in the pre-test and post-test and follow up stages.
Results: The results of the mixed analysis of variance showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in pretest, posttest, and follow-up assessments (p < 0.05). Schema therapy based on mother training was effective in increasing social- emotional competence. In other words, schema therapy based on mothers' training significantly enhanced the social-emotional competence of adolescents.
Conclusions: It is recommended to use schema therapy based on mother training as a complementary method alongside other approaches to address psychological problems and increase emotional-social competence in students with psychopathic behaviour.
Methods: This semi-experimental study employed a pre-test, post-test, and a two-month follow-up. Individuals were randomly put into an experiment and a control group. The participants were 20 adolescent girls exhibiting psychopathic behaviour and their mothers, who were selected from 520, 10th and 11th-grade students. They were chosen through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to either the schema therapy group or the control group (10 participants in each). The measurement tools used in this study included the Levenson Psychopathic Behaviour Questionnaire and the Zhou & Ee Social- Emotional Competence Questionnaire. The intervention groups (mothers) underwent schema therapy (12 sessions), while the mothers in the control group did not have any especial programs. The questionnaires were completed by their teenage children in the pre-test and post-test and follow up stages.
Results: The results of the mixed analysis of variance showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in pretest, posttest, and follow-up assessments (p < 0.05). Schema therapy based on mother training was effective in increasing social- emotional competence. In other words, schema therapy based on mothers' training significantly enhanced the social-emotional competence of adolescents.
Conclusions: It is recommended to use schema therapy based on mother training as a complementary method alongside other approaches to address psychological problems and increase emotional-social competence in students with psychopathic behaviour.
References
1. Ivanova-Serokhvostova A, Molinuevo B, Torrents-Rodas D, Bonillo A, Pérez-Bonaventura I, Corrales M, et al. Fear conditioning deficits in children and adolescents with psychopathic traits: a study in a clinical population. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2022;44(1):11-25. doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09947-3
2. Gillespie SM, Jones A, Garofalo C. Psychopathy and dangerousness: an umbrella review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2023;100:102240. pmid: 36608488 doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102240
3. De Brito SA, Forth AE, Baskin-Sommers AR, Brazil IA, Kimonis ER, Pardini D, et al. Psychopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):49. pmid: 34238935 doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00282-1
4. Falkenbach DM, Reinhard EE, Larson FRR. Theory based gender differences in psychopathy subtypes. Pers Individ Dif. 2017;105:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.023
5. Maurer JM, Anderson NE, Allen CH, Kiehl KA. Examining the association between psychopathic traits and fearlessness among maximum-security incarcerated male adolescents. Children (Basel). 2024;11(1):65. pmid: 38255377 doi:10.3390/children11010065
6. Li S, Tang Y, Zheng Y. How the home learning environment contributes to children’s social-emotional competence: a moderated mediation model. Front Psychol. 2023; 14:1065978. pmid: 36865364 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1065978
7. Kumar P, Chowdhary S. Socio-emotional competence during childhood. IAHRW Int J Soc Sci Rev. 2018;6(1):105-7. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.12001.07528
8. Coelho VA, Sousa V, Marchante M. Development and validation of the Social and Emotional Competencies Evaluation Questionnaire. J Educ Dev Psychol. 2015;5(1):139–47. doi:10.5539/jedp.v5n1p139
9. Soto CJ, Napolitano CM, Sewell MN, Yoon HJ, Roberts BW. Going beyond traits: social, emotional, and behavioral skills matter for adolescents’ success. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2024;15(1):33–45. doi:10.1177/194855062211274
10. Schönthaler EM, Dalkner N, Schwalsberger K, Reininghaus EZ, Reininghaus B. Psychopathic personality traits stress immunity and social potency moderate the relationship between emotional competence and cognitive functions in depression. Front Psychiatry. 2023; 14:1061642. pmid: 37051168 doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1061642
11. De Swart FD, Burk W, Nelen W, Efferen EV, Stege HV, Scholte R. Social competence and relationships for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. J Spec Educ. 2023;56(4):225–36. doi:10.1177/00224669221105838
12. Lin J, Zhang L, Kuo YL. The role of social-emotional competencies in interpersonal relationships: a structural equation modeling approach. Front Psychol. 2024;15:1360467. pmid: 39421841 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1360467
13. Mantz LS, Bear GG, Yang C, Harris A. The Delaware Social-emotional Competency Scale (DSECS-S): evidence of validity and reliability. Child Indic Res. 2018;11(1):137–57. doi:10.1007/s12187-016-9427-6
14. Salekin RT, Grant JC, Bellamy NA, Salekin TL. Psychopathy and conduct disorder. In: Encyclopedia of Adolescence. New York: Springer; 2023. p. 978–93.
15. Bruysters NYF, Pilkington PD. Overprotective parenting experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adolescence and adulthood: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2023;30(1):10–23. pmid: 35927065 doi:10.1002/cpp.2776
16. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Smailes E, Kasen S, Oldham JM, Skodol AE, et al. Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(9):1406–12. pmid: 10964855 doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.9.1406
17. Chanen AM. Borderline personality disorder in young people: Are we there yet? J Clin Psychol. 2015;71(8):778–91. pmid: 26192914 doi:10.1002/jclp.22205
18. Bernstein DP, Keulen-de Vos M, Clercx M, De Vogel V, Kersten GC, Lancel M, et al. Schema therapy for violent PD offenders: a randomized clinical trial. Psychol Med. 2023;53(1):88–102. pmid: 34127158 doi:10.1017/S0033291721001161
19. Kariminezhad Isfahani R, Ansari Shahidi M, Dehghani A. Effectiveness of schema-based parenting on emotion regulation, reflective functioning, and the parent-child relationship of mothers with children under 6 years old. Psychol Woman J. 2024;5(3):56–67. doi:10.61838/kman.pwj.5.3.8
20. Sabzi N, Farah Bijari A, Khosravi Z. The effectiveness of group schema therapy-based parenting education of mothers on modifying maladaptive schemas of the child and improving the quality of the parent-child relationship. J Pract Clin Psychol. 2022;10(1):33–44. doi:10.32598/jpcp.10.1.798.1
21. MohammadHasani S, Askari Z, Heydarei A, Ehteshamzadeh P. Comparing the effectiveness of parent management training and parent group schema therapy on academic motivation and confrontational disobedience of their adolescent children with conduct disorder [in Persian]. J Health Promot Manag. 2012;10(4):83–95.
22. Karimipour A, Asgari P, Makvandi B, Fard RJ. Effects of schema therapy for children and adolescents on the externalizing behaviors of the adolescents referred to the counseling centers in Ahvaz, Iran [in Persian]. Int J Health Life Sci. 2021;7(4):e118076. .doi:10.5812/ijhls.118076.
23. Roelofs J, Muris P, van Wesemael D, Broers NJ, Shaw I, Farrell J. Group-schema therapy for adolescents: results from a naturalistic multiple case study. J Child Fam Stud. 2016; 25:2246–57. doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0391-z
24. Arntz A, Jacob GA, Lee CW, Brand-de Wilde OM, Fassbinder E, Harper RP, et al. Effectiveness of predominantly group schema therapy and combined individual and group schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(4):287–99. pmid: 35234828 doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0010
25. Levenson MR, Kiehl KA, Fitzpatrick CM. Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995;68(1):151–8. pmid: 7861311 doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.68.1.151
26. Anestis JC, Green BA, Arnau RC, Anestis MD. Psychopathic personality traits in the military: an examination of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scales in a novel sample. Assessment. 2017;26(4):670-83. pmid: 28703011 doi:10.1177/1073191117719511
27. Gholami F, Zarei E, Mohammadi K. Development and effectiveness of a parent-adolescent relationship training program based on the dark triple traits of military parent personality and the parent-child relationship [in Persian]. Mil Psychol. 2022;13(49):11–38. doi:20.1001.1.25885162.1401.13.49.2.6
28. Zhou M, Ee J. Development and validation of the social emotional competence questionnaire (SECQ). Int J Emot Educ. 2012; 2:27–42.
29. Salehi Kholerdi Z, Hosseini Tabaghdehi L. The mediating role of intelligence beliefs in the relationship between social-emotional competencies and learned helplessness in primary school students of Sari city in the academic year 2023 [in Persian]. Soc Psychol Res. 2024;13(52):99–111. doi:10.22034/spr.2024.410967.1855
30. Renner F, DeRubeis R, Arntz A, Peeters F, Lobbestael J, Huibers MJ. Exploring mechanisms of change in schema therapy for chronic depression. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2018; 58:97–105. pmid: 29035800 doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.10.002
31. Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: a practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press; 2006.
32. Joas J, Möhler E. Maternal bonding in early infancy predicts children’s social competencies in preschool age. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:687535. pmid: 34489753 doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.687535
33. Olanike AT. Schema therapy and life-skills training in enhancing identity formation of in-school adolescents in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. [Thesis]. 2019.
34. Kreibich A, Wolf BM, Bettschart M, Ghassemi M, Herrmann M, Brandstätter VJ. How self-awareness is connected to less experience of action crises in personal goal pursuit. Motiv Emot. 2022;46(6):825–36. pmid: 36439374 doi:10.1007/s11031-022-09942-5
35. Simpson ESS, Smith E. Schema therapy for eating disorders. London: Taylor & Francis; 2019.
36. Reyna VF, Farley FJ. Risk and rationality in adolescent decision making: implications for theory, practice, and public policy. Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2006;7(1):1–44. pmid: 26158695 doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00026.x
37. Roelofs J, Onckels L, Muris P. Attachment quality and psychopathological symptoms in clinically referred adolescents: the mediating role of early maladaptive schema. J Child Fam Stud. 2013; 22(3):377–85. pmid: 23524954 doi: 10.1007/s10826-012-9589-x
38. Seyedmurti E, Demehri F, GHarooni Fardi S, Saeidmanesh M. The effectiveness of schema therapy on marital satisfaction and mental health of women undergoing hysterectomy surgery [in Persian]. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2025;27(5):239-46. doi: 10.61186/jams.27.5.239
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
