Extended Abstract
Introduction
Accupational Stress (OS) is one of the most important phenomena in social life and a serious threat to the health of the workforce in the world, as the International Labor Organization has introduced it as the most well-known phenomenon threatening workers' health in recent years [1]. OS is also important in terms of safety in the workplace [2]. The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health defines OS as harmful emotional and physical responses that occur if job requirements do not match the worker's capabilities, resources, or needs. The most important stressors in the workplace include job or task requirements (e.g. workload, lack of job control, job ambiguity), organizational factors (e.g. poor interpersonal relationships, inappropriate managerial behaviors), economic and financial issues, conflict between job and family roles, aspects of career development and education (lack of opportunities for growth and development), poor organizational climate (lack of management commitment for valuable forces, complexity of organizational communication, etc.) [3]. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between OS and job related risks in the steel Industry.
Materials and Methods
This is a descriptive-analytical study with cross-sectional design. Study population consists of all workers in one of the steel industries in Lorestan province of Iran. All 57 workers in rolling operations with at least one year of work experience were selected for the study. In order to identify and assess risks in rolling operations, the Melbourne University’s 3D risk assessment model was used with a systematic approach to errors and defects. This method is based on determining the three factors of exposure, likelihood of release, and consequence. The overall risk score is determined by multiplying the scores of these there parameters. 
Base on this score, risk levels for prioritizing corrective actions fall into four categories: severe/obvious (score above 20), high (score 10-20), moderate (score 3-10), and low (score less than 3). In order to investigate the OS status of workers, the United Kingdom's Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Questionnaire was used. It has 35 items and 7 subscales of demand, control, managerial support, peer support, relationships, role and change. The questions are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (from 1 to 5). Collected data were analyzed in SPSS V. 22 using correlation test and Kruskal-Wallis test.

Results
Figure 1 shows the steel rolling process in the study site. The mean of age and work experience of the participants in the study were 38.79±7.3 and 12.32±4.9 years, respectively. In terms of educational degree, 26.3%, 19.3%, 38.6% and 15.8% of the subjects had high school diploma and lower degree, associate degree, bachelor's degree, and master's degrees, respectively. Moreover, 91.2% of them were married. Figure 2 shows the results of comparing the mean scores of different OS dimensions. As can be seen, the dimensions of role, change, and managerial support had the highest desirability, while the dimension of relationships had the lowest level of desirability (desirability indicates the level of acceptance). 

In terms of role, relationships, managerial support, peer support, control, demand and change, 31.6, 33.4, 19.3, 22.8, 15.8, 17.5 and 10.5% of the subjects had high levels of OS. In total, 19.3% of them showed high level of OS. In order to investigate the relationship of OS dimensions with age, work experience, and education, Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The test results showed no significant statistical relationship between them (P>0.05). By assessment of job-related risks using the 3D risk assessment model, 182 defects were identified in 14 job titles. According to the criteria, 58.3% of the risks were ranked high and 41.7% were moderate and low risks.
 In addition, a statistically significant relationship between mean scores of OS dimensions (control, demand, and overall OS) with the risk rank, and the mean scores of OS dimensions including peer support, control, demand, and overall OS were statistically significant among the studied jobs.
Discussion
In this study, the mean scores of OS dimensions (peer support, control, demand and overall OS) were significantly different among the studied jobs, while there was no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of OS dimensions and age, work experience and educational level of the subjects. According to the results of risk assessment in this study, severe/obvious risk, high risk, moderate risk and low risk accounted for 24.2, 34.1, 39 and 2.7% of the identified risks in the steel industry, respectively. The results show that workers in the steel industry tolerate unacceptable and unnecessary risk in terms of work-related illness and accidents. Therefore, in order to reduce the likelihood of release as well as the consequences of exposure to job-related risks, control measures within the framework of a codified program are necessary. According to the research findings, the risk of spreading air pollutants in the steel industry was mostly related to the use of grease and oil, welding processes and the release of gases and chemical vapors, especially solvents.
Due to the high level of OS in this studied steel industry and the significance of the relationship between OS and the degree of job-related risks in this study, in order to eliminate or reduce the factors that cause OS, it is necessary to develop a OS management program and corrective measures at the same time to improve the status of identified risks. Planning to control stressors in the workplace and managing occupational risks by reducing the likelihood and consequence of job-related risks seems essential.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences with code: IR.NREC.007.1394.05.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed in preparing this article.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the management of study steel industry and all those had cooperation in conducting this study.