1. Introduction
Coronaviruses are among the causes of upper respiratory tract infections first observed in China [
1]. Currently, due to multiple biological problems caused by it [
3], effective preventions are required; however, there remains no reliable treatment or vaccine to treat HCoV infection. It is essential to develop a vaccine or medication to spread the disease caused by the virus. Immunogenetic/bioinformatics-based approaches to vaccine development are determined and used to create new vaccines. Despite repeated severe epidemics and inappropriate medication, little progress has been made on the epitope-based vaccine for HCoV. Therefore, using rapid advances in the sequencing of pathogen genomes and protein sequencing databases and the prompt and flexible approach of insilico methods have become prevalent in the design of vaccines, which led us to design this research.
2. Materials & methods
In this study, the sequence of protein spike coronavirus were selected from NCBI, protein sequence retrieval was determined. Besides, specific T and B cell epitopes required for producing the Chimber vaccine were obtained using servers such as IEDB. The selected epitopes’ antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity were further investigated by other servers, such as VaxiJenv2.0, AllerTOP, and Toxinpred [
8,
9]. The initial chimer composition of the epitope vaccine was then configured with the help of unique linkers. Then, to evaluate the structure of the Bimer vaccine concerning structure and connectivity to B cells and MHCI, II compounds; to study the two-dimensional structure and position of amino acids and bonds in the model of the immunogenic system; also exploring the physicochemical and stability of the model vaccine by other software bioinformatics servers, like PRABI, protParam was paid. Finally, for binding against HLA molecules, silico docking techniques were examined to evaluate the interaction with the epitope through the Cluspro server.
3. Results
The obtained results indicated that the safety structure created in terms of the incilico evaluations of two-dimensional structures and especially in terms of having a sufficient percentage of the alpha helix was in good condition. Furthermore, its three-dimensional structure has a similarity of 83.33 with the composition of structures structured in the SWISSMODEL server (
Figure 1).
.jpg)
Moreover, in checking the percentage of the optimal placement of amino acids and bonds by PROCHECK server with (99.6), the rate of optimal placement of amino acids in the chimer structure was created. Besides, the created chimeric structure was non-toxic and allergenic and had a good antigenicity, i.e., confirmed by bioinformatics software. The immunogenic chimeric structure was formed as a stable compound (instability index 33.93) and had a favorable half-life and suitable physicochemical conditions respecting solubility.
4. Discussion and conclusion
Developing new and timely vaccines to protect against the increasing global disease burden is very important [
30]. Therefore, integrated computational approaches can predict candidates for immunogenic structures (vaccines) against pathogens, including HCoV, using valid methods previously described. The immunogenic structure prepared in this research process after confirming the physicochemical conditions and two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures and immunogenicity and angiogenesis [
22,
23] in the docking process could favorably interact with some components of the selected immune system (HLA) with high frequency (HLA-A0201 and HLA-DRB1-0101) in populations. Accordingly, it indicates the optimal identification of this immunogenic structure by the two main parts of the immune system called humoral immunity and cellular immunity and stimulation to produce immunogenicity in the host body. This promises good immunity in the host body. However, further proof of these results requires clinical phase processes [
27,
28,
29].
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles are considered in this article. Participants were informed about the research objective and its implementation stages. They also made sure their information was confidential. The principles of the Helsinki Convention were also observed.
Funding
This research did not receive any financial assistance from financial organizations in the public, commercial or non-profit sectors and is a personal project.
Authors' contributions
All authors met the standard writing standards based on the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Publishers.
Conflicts of interest
The authors stated no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank appreciation and thanks the professors of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz who had the necessary cooperation to prepare this research work.
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