Volume 29, Issue 3 (8-2026)
J Arak Uni Med Sci 2026, 29(3): 0-0 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Shahrajardi A, shahbazi M, Shirzad Araki E, Khajavi D, Abasgholipour A. The Effect of Proprioceptive Skill Training on Sand on the Balance and Postural Control of Skilled Karatekas. J Arak Uni Med Sci 2026; 29 (3)
URL: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-8222-en.html
URL: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-8222-en.html
Abolfazl Shahrajardi1 
, Mehdi Shahbazi2 , Elham Shirzad Araki3 , Dariush Khajavi4 , Amir Abasgholipour5
, Mehdi Shahbazi2 , Elham Shirzad Araki3 , Dariush Khajavi4 , Amir Abasgholipour5
1- PhD in Motor Learning, Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2- Professor, Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran ,shahbazimehdi@ut.ac.ir
3- Associate Professor, Department of Sport Biomechanics and Pathology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
4- Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Arak, Arak, Iran
5- Assistant Professor, Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2- Professor, Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran ,
3- Associate Professor, Department of Sport Biomechanics and Pathology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
4- Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Arak, Arak, Iran
5- Assistant Professor, Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (63 Views)
Introduction: Proprioception plays a vital role in maintaining stability and performing precise movements. This study aimed to investigate the effect of proprioceptive skill training on sand compared to a gym surface on balance and postural control in skilled karate practitioners.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 adolescent male karate athletes (aged 13–18 years) were selected through convenience sampling and divided into three groups of 10: sand training, gym training, and control. The variables of static balance (stork test), dynamic balance (Y-balance test), and postural control (velocity and displacement of the center of pressure measured by a foot scanner) were assessed before and after the intervention. The experimental groups performed proprioceptive exercises for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, with each session lasting 40 minutes. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Results: Both experimental groups showed significant improvement in dynamic balance compared to the control group (P=0.001). In terms of postural control, the sand training group demonstrated superior performance in reducing velocity (P<0.05) and displacement (P<0.05) of the center of pressure compared to the other two groups. No significant differences were observed between the gym training group and the control group in postural control.
Conclusion:
Proprioceptive skill training leads to improvements in dynamic balance among karate practitioners. However, training on the unstable surface of sand, due to greater sensory motor challenges, provides significant advantages in enhancing postural control. Incorporating proprioceptive exercises on unstable surfaces into athletes’ training programs is recommended.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 adolescent male karate athletes (aged 13–18 years) were selected through convenience sampling and divided into three groups of 10: sand training, gym training, and control. The variables of static balance (stork test), dynamic balance (Y-balance test), and postural control (velocity and displacement of the center of pressure measured by a foot scanner) were assessed before and after the intervention. The experimental groups performed proprioceptive exercises for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, with each session lasting 40 minutes. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Results: Both experimental groups showed significant improvement in dynamic balance compared to the control group (P=0.001). In terms of postural control, the sand training group demonstrated superior performance in reducing velocity (P<0.05) and displacement (P<0.05) of the center of pressure compared to the other two groups. No significant differences were observed between the gym training group and the control group in postural control.
Conclusion:
Proprioceptive skill training leads to improvements in dynamic balance among karate practitioners. However, training on the unstable surface of sand, due to greater sensory motor challenges, provides significant advantages in enhancing postural control. Incorporating proprioceptive exercises on unstable surfaces into athletes’ training programs is recommended.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
