Volume 27, Issue 2 (5-2024)
J Arak Uni Med Sci 2024, 27(2): 61-67 |
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Amiri M, Heydaryan B, Moradivastghani F, Imani Brouj S. The Effect of National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) Corrective Movements on Gait Kinetics in Middle Aged Men with Piriformis Syndrome. J Arak Uni Med Sci 2024; 27 (2) :61-67
URL: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-7612-en.html
URL: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-7612-en.html
1- Department of Sports Injury and Corrective Exercises, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran , amiriiimohammad5@gmail.com
2- Physical Training and Sports Science Instructor, Saqqez, Iran
3- Department of Sports Injury and Corrective Exercises, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
4- Department of Sport Biomechanics, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2- Physical Training and Sports Science Instructor, Saqqez, Iran
3- Department of Sports Injury and Corrective Exercises, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
4- Department of Sport Biomechanics, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Abstract: (707 Views)
Introduction: The present study findings aimed to investigate the effect of exercises based on the American National Academy of Sports Medicine principles (NASM) on walking kinetics in piriformis syndrome in middle-aged men.
Methods: The current research was semi-experimental and laboratory-type. The statistical sample of the present study was 30 men with piriformis syndrome. Subjects were equally and randomly placed in two intervention and control groups. The intervention group performed NASM exercises for eight weeks. Before and after the exercises, the ground reaction force variables were measured using a Bartek force plate device with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. Kinetic data were smoothed using a fourth-order Butterworth filter with a frequency cutoff of 20 Hz. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance and paired T-test were utilized at the significance level of P < 0.05.
Results: The findings of the present study showed that the effect of time on the FxHC and FyHC components at the peak of the forces and the FyHC component at the time of reaching the peak of the ground reaction force increased in the post-test compared to the pre-test. P > 0.025;
d = 0.64 - 0.96. The effect of the time factor in the FyPO component at the peak of the ground reaction force in the post-test was less than the pre-test (P < 0.025; d = 1.64-0.96). The interaction effect of the time × group in the FxPO component at the peak of the force and the FzHC component at the time of reaching the peak of the ground reaction force had a significant difference (P < 0.048; d = 0.87-0.83).
Conclusions: The NASM exercises used in this research can have a clinical and therapeutic effect that can reduce damage to the lower limbs and improve the quality of walking in people with piriformis syndrome.
Methods: The current research was semi-experimental and laboratory-type. The statistical sample of the present study was 30 men with piriformis syndrome. Subjects were equally and randomly placed in two intervention and control groups. The intervention group performed NASM exercises for eight weeks. Before and after the exercises, the ground reaction force variables were measured using a Bartek force plate device with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. Kinetic data were smoothed using a fourth-order Butterworth filter with a frequency cutoff of 20 Hz. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance and paired T-test were utilized at the significance level of P < 0.05.
Results: The findings of the present study showed that the effect of time on the FxHC and FyHC components at the peak of the forces and the FyHC component at the time of reaching the peak of the ground reaction force increased in the post-test compared to the pre-test. P > 0.025;
d = 0.64 - 0.96. The effect of the time factor in the FyPO component at the peak of the ground reaction force in the post-test was less than the pre-test (P < 0.025; d = 1.64-0.96). The interaction effect of the time × group in the FxPO component at the peak of the force and the FzHC component at the time of reaching the peak of the ground reaction force had a significant difference (P < 0.048; d = 0.87-0.83).
Conclusions: The NASM exercises used in this research can have a clinical and therapeutic effect that can reduce damage to the lower limbs and improve the quality of walking in people with piriformis syndrome.
References
1. Miller TA, White K, Ross D. The diagnosis and management of Piriformis Syndrome: myths and facts. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39(5):577-83. pmid: 22931697 doi: 10.1017/s0317167100015298
2. Doosti Irani R, Golpayegani M, Faraji F. The effect of core stability exercises on pain and inflammation of patients with piriformis syndrome [in Persian]. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2022;25(2):310-23. doi: 10.32598/jams.25.2.6890.1
3. Reus M, de Dios Berná J, Vázquez V, Redondo MV, Alonso J. Piriformis syndrome: a simple technique for US-guided infiltration of the perisciatic nerve. Preliminary results. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(3):616-20. pmid: 17972081 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-007-0799-3
4. Colmegna I, Justiniano M, Espinoza LR, Gimenez CR. Piriformis pyomyositis with sciatica: an unrecognized complication of “unsafe” abortions. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007;13(2):87-8. pmid: 17414537 doi: 10.1097/01.rhu.0000260655.90449.7d
5. Williams SE, Swetenburg J, Blackwell TA, Reynolds Z, Black Jr AC. Posterior femoral cutaneous neuropathy in piriformis syndrome: A vascular hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109924. pmid: 32512492 doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109924
6. Clifton SR. The presence and extent of quadriceps femoris weakness in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome 2003.
7. Pećina M. Contribution to the etiological explanation of the piriformis syndrome. Acta Anat (Basel). 1979;105(2):181-7. pmid: 532546
8. Khakneshin AA, Dabaghi Pour N, Javaherian M, Attarbashi
9. Moghadam B. The efficacy of physiotherapy interventions for recovery of patients suffering from piriformis syndrome: a literature review [in Persian]. Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2021;19(12):1304-18.
10. Durrani Z, Winnie AP. Piriformis muscle syndrome: an underdiagnosed cause of sciatica. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1991;6(6):374-9. pmid: 1880438 doi: 10.1016/0885-3924(91)90029-4
11. Hou C-R, Tsai L-C, Cheng K-F, Chung K-C, Hong C-Z. Immediate effects of various physical therapeutic modalities on cervical myofascial pain and trigger-point sensitivity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(10):1406-14. pmid: 12370877 doi: 10.1053/apmr.2002.34834
12. Clark M, Lucett S. NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
13. Idan Almasoodi MC, Mahdavinejad R, Ghasmi G. The effect of 8 weeks national academy of sports medicine exercises training on posture, shoulder pain, and functional disability in male with upper cross syndrome. Sys Rev Pharm. 2020;11(11):1826-33.
14. Toulotte C, Thevenon A, Fabre C. Effects of training and detraining on the static and dynamic balance in elderly fallers and non-fallers: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28(2):125-33. PMID: 16393843 doi: 10.1080/09638280500163653
15. Aghapour E, Kamali F, Sinaei E. Effects of Kinesio Taping® on knee function and pain in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2017;21(4):835-9. pmid: 29037636 doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.01.012
16. Damavandi M, Dixon PC, Pearsall DJJHms. Ground reaction force adaptations during cross-slope walking and running. Hum Mov Sci. 2012;31(1):182-9. pmid: 21840076 doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2011.06.004
17. Brown AM, Zifchock RA, Hillstrom HJ. The effects of limb dominance and fatigue on running biomechanics. Gait Posture. 2014;39(3):915-9. PMID: 24405748 doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.12.007
18. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Fatollahi A, Granacher U. Eight weeks of exercising on sand has positive effects on biomechanics of walking and muscle activities in individuals with pronated feet: a randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Sports (Basel). 2022;10(5):70. pmid: 35622479 doi: 10.3390/sports10050070
19. Richards J. Biomechanics in clinic and research. 1st edition. Churchill Livingstone; 2008.
20. Tajdini Kakavandi H, Sadeghi H, Abbasi A. The effects of genu varum deformity on the pattern and amount of Electromyography muscle activity lower extremity during the stance phase of walking. Journal of Clinical Physiotherapy Research. 2017;2(3):110-8. doi:
21. 22037/jcpr.v2i3.17703
22. Keenan GS, Franz JR, Dicharry J, Della Croce U, Kerrigan DC. Lower limb joint kinetics in walking: the role of industry recommended footwear. Gait Posture. 2011;33(3):350-5. pmid: 21251835 doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.09.019
23. Stergiou N, Giakas G, Byrne JE, Pomeroy V. Frequency domain characteristics of ground reaction forces during walking of young and elderly females. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2002;17(8):615-7. pmid: 12243722 doi: 10.1016/s0268-0033(02)00072-4
24. Harman K, Hubley-Kozey CL, Butler H. Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: a randomized, controlled 10-week trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2005;13(3):163-76. doi: 10.1179/106698105790824888
25. Novacheck TF. The biomechanics of running. Gait Posture. 1998;7(1):77-95. pmid: 10200378 doi: 10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00038-6
26. Yang P-F, Sanno M, Ganse B, Koy T, Brüggemann G-P, Müller LP, et al. Torsion and antero-posterior bending in the in vivo human tibia loading regimes during walking and running. PloS One. 2014;9(4):e94525. pmid: 24732724 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094525
27. Ghorbanloo F, Jafarnezhadgero A. The effect of corrective exercises using thera-band on components of ground reaction force in boy students with genu valgum during running: a clinical trial study [in Persian]. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2020;19(7):661-76. doi: 10.29252/jrums.19.7.661
28. Kim JS, Lee MY. The effect of short foot exercise using visual feedback on the balance and accuracy of knee joint movement in subjects with flexible flatfoot. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(13):e19260. pmid: 32221061 doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019260
29. Mulligan EP, Cook PG. Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther. 2013;18(5):425-30.
30. Stane M, Powers M. The effects of plyometric training on selected measures of leg strength and power when compared to weight training and combination weight and plyometric training. J Athl Train. 2005;42(3):186-92.
31. Willwacher S, Eglitits S, Heinrich K, Sanno M, Brüggemann G. Transversal plane whole body angular momentum control in straight running. Paper presented at: International Calgary Running Symposium. Calgary, Canada; 2014. https://fis.dshs-koeln.de/en/publications/transversal-plane-whole-body-angular-momentum-control-in-straight
32. Holden JP, Cavanagh PR. The free moment of ground reaction in distance running and its changes with pronation. J Biomech. 1991;24(10):887-97. pmid: 1744147 doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(91)90167-l
33. Miller TA, White K, Ross D. The diagnosis and management of Piriformis Syndrome: myths and facts. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39(5):577-83. pmid: 22931697 doi: 10.1017/s0317167100015298
34. Doosti Irani R, Golpayegani M, Faraji F. The effect of core stability exercises on pain and inflammation of patients with piriformis syndrome [in Persian]. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2022;25(2):310-23. doi: 10.32598/jams.25.2.6890.1
35. Reus M, de Dios Berná J, Vázquez V, Redondo MV, Alonso J. Piriformis syndrome: a simple technique for US-guided infiltration of the perisciatic nerve. Preliminary results. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(3):616-20. pmid: 17972081 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-007-0799-3
36. Colmegna I, Justiniano M, Espinoza LR, Gimenez CR. Piriformis pyomyositis with sciatica: an unrecognized complication of “unsafe” abortions. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007;13(2):87-8. pmid: 17414537 doi: 10.1097/01.rhu.0000260655.90449.7d
37. Williams SE, Swetenburg J, Blackwell TA, Reynolds Z, Black Jr AC. Posterior femoral cutaneous neuropathy in piriformis syndrome: A vascular hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109924. pmid: 32512492 doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109924
38. Clifton SR. The presence and extent of quadriceps femoris weakness in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome 2003.
39. Pećina M. Contribution to the etiological explanation of the piriformis syndrome. Acta Anat (Basel). 1979;105(2):181-7. pmid: 532546
40. Khakneshin AA, Dabaghi Pour N, Javaherian M, Attarbashi
41. Moghadam B. The efficacy of physiotherapy interventions for recovery of patients suffering from piriformis syndrome: a literature review [in Persian]. Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2021;19(12):1304-18.
42. Durrani Z, Winnie AP. Piriformis muscle syndrome: an underdiagnosed cause of sciatica. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1991;6(6):374-9. pmid: 1880438 doi: 10.1016/0885-3924(91)90029-4
43. Hou C-R, Tsai L-C, Cheng K-F, Chung K-C, Hong C-Z. Immediate effects of various physical therapeutic modalities on cervical myofascial pain and trigger-point sensitivity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(10):1406-14. pmid: 12370877 doi: 10.1053/apmr.2002.34834
44. Clark M, Lucett S. NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
45. Idan Almasoodi MC, Mahdavinejad R, Ghasmi G. The effect of 8 weeks national academy of sports medicine exercises training on posture, shoulder pain, and functional disability in male with upper cross syndrome. Sys Rev Pharm. 2020;11(11):1826-33.
46. Toulotte C, Thevenon A, Fabre C. Effects of training and detraining on the static and dynamic balance in elderly fallers and non-fallers: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28(2):125-33. PMID: 16393843 doi: 10.1080/09638280500163653
47. Aghapour E, Kamali F, Sinaei E. Effects of Kinesio Taping® on knee function and pain in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2017;21(4):835-9. pmid: 29037636 doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.01.012
48. Damavandi M, Dixon PC, Pearsall DJJHms. Ground reaction force adaptations during cross-slope walking and running. Hum Mov Sci. 2012;31(1):182-9. pmid: 21840076 doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2011.06.004
49. Brown AM, Zifchock RA, Hillstrom HJ. The effects of limb dominance and fatigue on running biomechanics. Gait Posture. 2014;39(3):915-9. PMID: 24405748 doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.12.007
50. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Fatollahi A, Granacher U. Eight weeks of exercising on sand has positive effects on biomechanics of walking and muscle activities in individuals with pronated feet: a randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Sports (Basel). 2022;10(5):70. pmid: 35622479 doi: 10.3390/sports10050070
51. Richards J. Biomechanics in clinic and research. 1st edition. Churchill Livingstone; 2008.
52. Tajdini Kakavandi H, Sadeghi H, Abbasi A. The effects of genu varum deformity on the pattern and amount of Electromyography muscle activity lower extremity during the stance phase of walking. Journal of Clinical Physiotherapy Research. 2017;2(3):110-8. doi:
53. 22037/jcpr.v2i3.17703
54. Keenan GS, Franz JR, Dicharry J, Della Croce U, Kerrigan DC. Lower limb joint kinetics in walking: the role of industry recommended footwear. Gait Posture. 2011;33(3):350-5. pmid: 21251835 doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.09.019
55. Stergiou N, Giakas G, Byrne JE, Pomeroy V. Frequency domain characteristics of ground reaction forces during walking of young and elderly females. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2002;17(8):615-7. pmid: 12243722 doi: 10.1016/s0268-0033(02)00072-4
56. Harman K, Hubley-Kozey CL, Butler H. Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: a randomized, controlled 10-week trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2005;13(3):163-76. doi: 10.1179/106698105790824888
57. Novacheck TF. The biomechanics of running. Gait Posture. 1998;7(1):77-95. pmid: 10200378 doi: 10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00038-6
58. Yang P-F, Sanno M, Ganse B, Koy T, Brüggemann G-P, Müller LP, et al. Torsion and antero-posterior bending in the in vivo human tibia loading regimes during walking and running. PloS One. 2014;9(4):e94525. pmid: 24732724 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094525
59. Ghorbanloo F, Jafarnezhadgero A. The effect of corrective exercises using thera-band on components of ground reaction force in boy students with genu valgum during running: a clinical trial study [in Persian]. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2020;19(7):661-76. doi: 10.29252/jrums.19.7.661
60. Kim JS, Lee MY. The effect of short foot exercise using visual feedback on the balance and accuracy of knee joint movement in subjects with flexible flatfoot. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(13):e19260. pmid: 32221061 doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019260
61. Mulligan EP, Cook PG. Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther. 2013;18(5):425-30.
62. Stane M, Powers M. The effects of plyometric training on selected measures of leg strength and power when compared to weight training and combination weight and plyometric training. J Athl Train. 2005;42(3):186-92.
63. Willwacher S, Eglitits S, Heinrich K, Sanno M, Brüggemann G. Transversal plane whole body angular momentum control in straight running. Paper presented at: International Calgary Running Symposium. Calgary, Canada; 2014. https://fis.dshs-koeln.de/en/publications/transversal-plane-whole-body-angular-momentum-control-in-straight
64. Holden JP, Cavanagh PR. The free moment of ground reaction in distance running and its changes with pronation. J Biomech. 1991;24(10):887-97. pmid: 1744147 doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(91)90167-l
65. Miller TA, White K, Ross D. The diagnosis and management of Piriformis Syndrome: myths and facts. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39(5):577-83. pmid: 22931697 doi: 10.1017/s0317167100015298
66. Doosti Irani R, Golpayegani M, Faraji F. The effect of core stability exercises on pain and inflammation of patients with piriformis syndrome [in Persian]. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2022;25(2):310-23. doi: 10.32598/jams.25.2.6890.1
67. Reus M, de Dios Berná J, Vázquez V, Redondo MV, Alonso J. Piriformis syndrome: a simple technique for US-guided infiltration of the perisciatic nerve. Preliminary results. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(3):616-20. pmid: 17972081 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-007-0799-3
68. Colmegna I, Justiniano M, Espinoza LR, Gimenez CR. Piriformis pyomyositis with sciatica: an unrecognized complication of “unsafe” abortions. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007;13(2):87-8. pmid: 17414537 doi: 10.1097/01.rhu.0000260655.90449.7d
69. Williams SE, Swetenburg J, Blackwell TA, Reynolds Z, Black Jr AC. Posterior femoral cutaneous neuropathy in piriformis syndrome: A vascular hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109924. pmid: 32512492 doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109924
70. Clifton SR. The presence and extent of quadriceps femoris weakness in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome 2003.
71. Pećina M. Contribution to the etiological explanation of the piriformis syndrome. Acta Anat (Basel). 1979;105(2):181-7. pmid: 532546
72. Khakneshin AA, Dabaghi Pour N, Javaherian M, Attarbashi
73. Moghadam B. The efficacy of physiotherapy interventions for recovery of patients suffering from piriformis syndrome: a literature review [in Persian]. Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2021;19(12):1304-18.
74. Durrani Z, Winnie AP. Piriformis muscle syndrome: an underdiagnosed cause of sciatica. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1991;6(6):374-9. pmid: 1880438 doi: 10.1016/0885-3924(91)90029-4
75. Hou C-R, Tsai L-C, Cheng K-F, Chung K-C, Hong C-Z. Immediate effects of various physical therapeutic modalities on cervical myofascial pain and trigger-point sensitivity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(10):1406-14. pmid: 12370877 doi: 10.1053/apmr.2002.34834
76. Clark M, Lucett S. NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
77. Idan Almasoodi MC, Mahdavinejad R, Ghasmi G. The effect of 8 weeks national academy of sports medicine exercises training on posture, shoulder pain, and functional disability in male with upper cross syndrome. Sys Rev Pharm. 2020;11(11):1826-33.
78. Toulotte C, Thevenon A, Fabre C. Effects of training and detraining on the static and dynamic balance in elderly fallers and non-fallers: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28(2):125-33. PMID: 16393843 doi: 10.1080/09638280500163653
79. Aghapour E, Kamali F, Sinaei E. Effects of Kinesio Taping® on knee function and pain in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2017;21(4):835-9. pmid: 29037636 doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.01.012
80. Damavandi M, Dixon PC, Pearsall DJJHms. Ground reaction force adaptations during cross-slope walking and running. Hum Mov Sci. 2012;31(1):182-9. pmid: 21840076 doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2011.06.004
81. Brown AM, Zifchock RA, Hillstrom HJ. The effects of limb dominance and fatigue on running biomechanics. Gait Posture. 2014;39(3):915-9. PMID: 24405748 doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.12.007
82. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Fatollahi A, Granacher U. Eight weeks of exercising on sand has positive effects on biomechanics of walking and muscle activities in individuals with pronated feet: a randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Sports (Basel). 2022;10(5):70. pmid: 35622479 doi: 10.3390/sports10050070
83. Richards J. Biomechanics in clinic and research. 1st edition. Churchill Livingstone; 2008.
84. Tajdini Kakavandi H, Sadeghi H, Abbasi A. The effects of genu varum deformity on the pattern and amount of Electromyography muscle activity lower extremity during the stance phase of walking. Journal of Clinical Physiotherapy Research. 2017;2(3):110-8. doi:
85. 22037/jcpr.v2i3.17703
86. Keenan GS, Franz JR, Dicharry J, Della Croce U, Kerrigan DC. Lower limb joint kinetics in walking: the role of industry recommended footwear. Gait Posture. 2011;33(3):350-5. pmid: 21251835 doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.09.019
87. Stergiou N, Giakas G, Byrne JE, Pomeroy V. Frequency domain characteristics of ground reaction forces during walking of young and elderly females. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2002;17(8):615-7. pmid: 12243722 doi: 10.1016/s0268-0033(02)00072-4
88. Harman K, Hubley-Kozey CL, Butler H. Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: a randomized, controlled 10-week trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2005;13(3):163-76. doi: 10.1179/106698105790824888
89. Novacheck TF. The biomechanics of running. Gait Posture. 1998;7(1):77-95. pmid: 10200378 doi: 10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00038-6
90. Yang P-F, Sanno M, Ganse B, Koy T, Brüggemann G-P, Müller LP, et al. Torsion and antero-posterior bending in the in vivo human tibia loading regimes during walking and running. PloS One. 2014;9(4):e94525. pmid: 24732724 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094525
91. Ghorbanloo F, Jafarnezhadgero A. The effect of corrective exercises using thera-band on components of ground reaction force in boy students with genu valgum during running: a clinical trial study [in Persian]. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2020;19(7):661-76. doi: 10.29252/jrums.19.7.661
92. Kim JS, Lee MY. The effect of short foot exercise using visual feedback on the balance and accuracy of knee joint movement in subjects with flexible flatfoot. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(13):e19260. pmid: 32221061 doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019260
93. Mulligan EP, Cook PG. Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther. 2013;18(5):425-30.
94. Stane M, Powers M. The effects of plyometric training on selected measures of leg strength and power when compared to weight training and combination weight and plyometric training. J Athl Train. 2005;42(3):186-92.
95. Willwacher S, Eglitits S, Heinrich K, Sanno M, Brüggemann G. Transversal plane whole body angular momentum control in straight running. Paper presented at: International Calgary Running Symposium. Calgary, Canada; 2014. https://fis.dshs-koeln.de/en/publications/transversal-plane-whole-body-angular-momentum-control-in-straight
96. Holden JP, Cavanagh PR. The free moment of ground reaction in distance running and its changes with pronation. J Biomech. 1991;24(10):887-97. pmid: 1744147 doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(91)90167-l
97. Miller TA, White K, Ross D. The diagnosis and management of Piriformis Syndrome: myths and facts. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39(5):577-83. pmid: 22931697 doi: 10.1017/s0317167100015298
98. Doosti Irani R, Golpayegani M, Faraji F. The effect of core stability exercises on pain and inflammation of patients with piriformis syndrome [in Persian]. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2022;25(2):310-23. doi: 10.32598/jams.25.2.6890.1
99. Reus M, de Dios Berná J, Vázquez V, Redondo MV, Alonso J. Piriformis syndrome: a simple technique for US-guided infiltration of the perisciatic nerve. Preliminary results. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(3):616-20. pmid: 17972081 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-007-0799-3
100. Colmegna I, Justiniano M, Espinoza LR, Gimenez CR. Piriformis pyomyositis with sciatica: an unrecognized complication of “unsafe” abortions. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007;13(2):87-8. pmid: 17414537 doi: 10.1097/01.rhu.0000260655.90449.7d
101. Williams SE, Swetenburg J, Blackwell TA, Reynolds Z, Black Jr AC. Posterior femoral cutaneous neuropathy in piriformis syndrome: A vascular hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109924. pmid: 32512492 doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109924
102. Clifton SR. The presence and extent of quadriceps femoris weakness in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome 2003.
103. Pećina M. Contribution to the etiological explanation of the piriformis syndrome. Acta Anat (Basel). 1979;105(2):181-7. pmid: 532546
104. Khakneshin AA, Dabaghi Pour N, Javaherian M, Attarbashi
105. Moghadam B. The efficacy of physiotherapy interventions for recovery of patients suffering from piriformis syndrome: a literature review [in Persian]. Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2021;19(12):1304-18.
106. Durrani Z, Winnie AP. Piriformis muscle syndrome: an underdiagnosed cause of sciatica. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1991;6(6):374-9. pmid: 1880438 doi: 10.1016/0885-3924(91)90029-4
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110. Toulotte C, Thevenon A, Fabre C. Effects of training and detraining on the static and dynamic balance in elderly fallers and non-fallers: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28(2):125-33. PMID: 16393843 doi: 10.1080/09638280500163653
111. Aghapour E, Kamali F, Sinaei E. Effects of Kinesio Taping® on knee function and pain in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2017;21(4):835-9. pmid: 29037636 doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.01.012
112. Damavandi M, Dixon PC, Pearsall DJJHms. Ground reaction force adaptations during cross-slope walking and running. Hum Mov Sci. 2012;31(1):182-9. pmid: 21840076 doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2011.06.004
113. Brown AM, Zifchock RA, Hillstrom HJ. The effects of limb dominance and fatigue on running biomechanics. Gait Posture. 2014;39(3):915-9. PMID: 24405748 doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.12.007
114. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Fatollahi A, Granacher U. Eight weeks of exercising on sand has positive effects on biomechanics of walking and muscle activities in individuals with pronated feet: a randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Sports (Basel). 2022;10(5):70. pmid: 35622479 doi: 10.3390/sports10050070
115. Richards J. Biomechanics in clinic and research. 1st edition. Churchill Livingstone; 2008.
116. Tajdini Kakavandi H, Sadeghi H, Abbasi A. The effects of genu varum deformity on the pattern and amount of Electromyography muscle activity lower extremity during the stance phase of walking. Journal of Clinical Physiotherapy Research. 2017;2(3):110-8. doi:
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119. Stergiou N, Giakas G, Byrne JE, Pomeroy V. Frequency domain characteristics of ground reaction forces during walking of young and elderly females. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2002;17(8):615-7. pmid: 12243722 doi: 10.1016/s0268-0033(02)00072-4
120. Harman K, Hubley-Kozey CL, Butler H. Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: a randomized, controlled 10-week trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2005;13(3):163-76. doi: 10.1179/106698105790824888
121. Novacheck TF. The biomechanics of running. Gait Posture. 1998;7(1):77-95. pmid: 10200378 doi: 10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00038-6
122. Yang P-F, Sanno M, Ganse B, Koy T, Brüggemann G-P, Müller LP, et al. Torsion and antero-posterior bending in the in vivo human tibia loading regimes during walking and running. PloS One. 2014;9(4):e94525. pmid: 24732724 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094525
123. Ghorbanloo F, Jafarnezhadgero A. The effect of corrective exercises using thera-band on components of ground reaction force in boy students with genu valgum during running: a clinical trial study [in Persian]. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2020;19(7):661-76. doi: 10.29252/jrums.19.7.661
124. Kim JS, Lee MY. The effect of short foot exercise using visual feedback on the balance and accuracy of knee joint movement in subjects with flexible flatfoot. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(13):e19260. pmid: 32221061 doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019260
125. Mulligan EP, Cook PG. Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther. 2013;18(5):425-30.
126. Stane M, Powers M. The effects of plyometric training on selected measures of leg strength and power when compared to weight training and combination weight and plyometric training. J Athl Train. 2005;42(3):186-92.
127. Willwacher S, Eglitits S, Heinrich K, Sanno M, Brüggemann G. Transversal plane whole body angular momentum control in straight running. Paper presented at: International Calgary Running Symposium. Calgary, Canada; 2014. https://fis.dshs-koeln.de/en/publications/transversal-plane-whole-body-angular-momentum-control-in-straight
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137. Moghadam B. The efficacy of physiotherapy interventions for recovery of patients suffering from piriformis syndrome: a literature review [in Persian]. Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2021;19(12):1304-18.
138. Durrani Z, Winnie AP. Piriformis muscle syndrome: an underdiagnosed cause of sciatica. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1991;6(6):374-9. pmid: 1880438 doi: 10.1016/0885-3924(91)90029-4
139. Hou C-R, Tsai L-C, Cheng K-F, Chung K-C, Hong C-Z. Immediate effects of various physical therapeutic modalities on cervical myofascial pain and trigger-point sensitivity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(10):1406-14. pmid: 12370877 doi: 10.1053/apmr.2002.34834
140. Clark M, Lucett S. NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
141. Idan Almasoodi MC, Mahdavinejad R, Ghasmi G. The effect of 8 weeks national academy of sports medicine exercises training on posture, shoulder pain, and functional disability in male with upper cross syndrome. Sys Rev Pharm. 2020;11(11):1826-33.
142. Toulotte C, Thevenon A, Fabre C. Effects of training and detraining on the static and dynamic balance in elderly fallers and non-fallers: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28(2):125-33. PMID: 16393843 doi: 10.1080/09638280500163653
143. Aghapour E, Kamali F, Sinaei E. Effects of Kinesio Taping® on knee function and pain in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2017;21(4):835-9. pmid: 29037636 doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.01.012
144. Damavandi M, Dixon PC, Pearsall DJJHms. Ground reaction force adaptations during cross-slope walking and running. Hum Mov Sci. 2012;31(1):182-9. pmid: 21840076 doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2011.06.004
145. Brown AM, Zifchock RA, Hillstrom HJ. The effects of limb dominance and fatigue on running biomechanics. Gait Posture. 2014;39(3):915-9. PMID: 24405748 doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.12.007
146. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Fatollahi A, Granacher U. Eight weeks of exercising on sand has positive effects on biomechanics of walking and muscle activities in individuals with pronated feet: a randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Sports (Basel). 2022;10(5):70. pmid: 35622479 doi: 10.3390/sports10050070
147. Richards J. Biomechanics in clinic and research. 1st edition. Churchill Livingstone; 2008.
148. Tajdini Kakavandi H, Sadeghi H, Abbasi A. The effects of genu varum deformity on the pattern and amount of Electromyography muscle activity lower extremity during the stance phase of walking. Journal of Clinical Physiotherapy Research. 2017;2(3):110-8. doi:
149. 22037/jcpr.v2i3.17703
150. Keenan GS, Franz JR, Dicharry J, Della Croce U, Kerrigan DC. Lower limb joint kinetics in walking: the role of industry recommended footwear. Gait Posture. 2011;33(3):350-5. pmid: 21251835 doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.09.019
151. Stergiou N, Giakas G, Byrne JE, Pomeroy V. Frequency domain characteristics of ground reaction forces during walking of young and elderly females. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2002;17(8):615-7. pmid: 12243722 doi: 10.1016/s0268-0033(02)00072-4
152. Harman K, Hubley-Kozey CL, Butler H. Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: a randomized, controlled 10-week trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2005;13(3):163-76. doi: 10.1179/106698105790824888
153. Novacheck TF. The biomechanics of running. Gait Posture. 1998;7(1):77-95. pmid: 10200378 doi: 10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00038-6
154. Yang P-F, Sanno M, Ganse B, Koy T, Brüggemann G-P, Müller LP, et al. Torsion and antero-posterior bending in the in vivo human tibia loading regimes during walking and running. PloS One. 2014;9(4):e94525. pmid: 24732724 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094525
155. Ghorbanloo F, Jafarnezhadgero A. The effect of corrective exercises using thera-band on components of ground reaction force in boy students with genu valgum during running: a clinical trial study [in Persian]. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2020;19(7):661-76. doi: 10.29252/jrums.19.7.661
156. Kim JS, Lee MY. The effect of short foot exercise using visual feedback on the balance and accuracy of knee joint movement in subjects with flexible flatfoot. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(13):e19260. pmid: 32221061 doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019260
157. Mulligan EP, Cook PG. Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther. 2013;18(5):425-30.
158. Stane M, Powers M. The effects of plyometric training on selected measures of leg strength and power when compared to weight training and combination weight and plyometric training. J Athl Train. 2005;42(3):186-92.
159. Willwacher S, Eglitits S, Heinrich K, Sanno M, Brüggemann G. Transversal plane whole body angular momentum control in straight running. Paper presented at: International Calgary Running Symposium. Calgary, Canada; 2014. https://fis.dshs-koeln.de/en/publications/transversal-plane-whole-body-angular-momentum-control-in-straight
160. Holden JP, Cavanagh PR. The free moment of ground reaction in distance running and its changes with pronation. J Biomech. 1991;24(10):887-97. pmid: 1744147 doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(91)90167-l
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