Volume 22, Issue 2 (6-2019)
J Arak Uni Med Sci 2019, 22(2): 57-66 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Sepahvand T. Depression and Social Anxiety in Primary School Children in the Context of Cognitive Flexibility of Mothers. J Arak Uni Med Sci 2019; 22 (2) :57-66
URL: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5891-en.html
URL: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5891-en.html
Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran. , t-sepahvand@araku.ac.ir
Abstract: (4623 Views)
Background and Aim: Depression and social anxiety are prevalent disorders in children, that are related to cognitive pathology of parents. This research has been conducted with the aim of comparing depression and social anxiety in primary school children of normal mothers with high and low levels of cognitive flexibility.
Materials and Methods: This research was a causal-comparative design study. The population of the research was all the fourth to sixth grade of primary school children of Arak city (and their mothers) in 2016-2017 years. For selecting the research sample, the method of convenience sampling was used. Thus, based on scores of mothers in Cognitive Flexibility Scale, two groups of mothers with high and low levels of cognitive flexibility were selected, and the scores of their children that responsed to Children’s Depression Inventory and Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents, were compared by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).
Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics code IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.298 has been approved by research ethics committee at Arak University of Medical Sciences.
Findings:The results indicated significant difference in the liner composition of dependent variables of two groups. (wilks, lambda= 0.892, F97,2= 14.474, p< 0.000). Univariate analysis of variance indicated that the children of mothers with low level of cognitive flexibility have more depression and social anxiety compared to children of mothers with high level of cognitive flexibility.
Conclusion: In general, cognitive flexibility of mothers is related to depression and social anxiety of children, probably by ability to perceive difficult situations as controllable, perceive alternative explanations of human behaviors and generate alternative solutions to difficult situations of responding to children. Therefore, mothers need to be more educated and refined in their cognitive flexibility so that they can cause more improvement in depression and social anxiety of children.
Materials and Methods: This research was a causal-comparative design study. The population of the research was all the fourth to sixth grade of primary school children of Arak city (and their mothers) in 2016-2017 years. For selecting the research sample, the method of convenience sampling was used. Thus, based on scores of mothers in Cognitive Flexibility Scale, two groups of mothers with high and low levels of cognitive flexibility were selected, and the scores of their children that responsed to Children’s Depression Inventory and Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents, were compared by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).
Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics code IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.298 has been approved by research ethics committee at Arak University of Medical Sciences.
Findings:The results indicated significant difference in the liner composition of dependent variables of two groups. (wilks, lambda= 0.892, F97,2= 14.474, p< 0.000). Univariate analysis of variance indicated that the children of mothers with low level of cognitive flexibility have more depression and social anxiety compared to children of mothers with high level of cognitive flexibility.
Conclusion: In general, cognitive flexibility of mothers is related to depression and social anxiety of children, probably by ability to perceive difficult situations as controllable, perceive alternative explanations of human behaviors and generate alternative solutions to difficult situations of responding to children. Therefore, mothers need to be more educated and refined in their cognitive flexibility so that they can cause more improvement in depression and social anxiety of children.
References
1. De Graaf R, Ten Have M, Van Gool C, Van Dorsselaer S. Prevalence of mental disorders and trends from 1996 to 2009. Results from the Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study-2. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012; 47(2): 203–213.
2. Essau CA. Comorbidity of depressive disorders among adolescents in community and clinical settings. Psychiatry Res. 2008; 158: 35–42.
3. Garber J, Weersing VR. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: Implications for treatment and prevention. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract. 2010; 17: 293–306.
4. Brady EU, Kendal PC. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychol Bull. 1992; 111(2): 244-255.
5. Ranta K, Kaltiala-Heino R, Rantanen P, Marttunen M. Social phobia in Finnish general adolescent population: Prevalence, comorbidity, individual and family correlates, and service use. Depress Anxiety. 2009; 26: 528–536.
6. Tillfors M, El-Khouri B, Stein MB, Trost K. Relationships between social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and antisocial behaviors: Evidence from a prospective study of adolescent boys. J Anxiety Disord. 2009; 23: 718–724.
7. Sander JB, McCarty CA. Youth Depression in the Family Context: Familial Risk Factors and Models of Treatment. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2005; 8(3): 203–219.
8. Neal JA, Edelman RJ. The etiology of social phobia: Toward a developmental profile. Clin Psychol Rev. 2003; 23(6): 261-286.
9. Cummings CM, Caporino NE, Kendall PC. Comorbidity of Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents: 20 Years After. Psychol Bull. 2014; 140(3): 816–845.
10. Kennedy D. The Relationship between Parental Stress, Cognitive Distortions, and Child Psychopathology. Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (PCOM) Psychology Dissertations. 2012; P: 207.
11. Festen H, Schipper K, Vries SO, Reichart CG, Abma TA, Nauta MH. Parents’ perceptions on offspring risk and prevention of anxiety and depression: A qualitative study. BMC Psychol. 2014; 2: 17.
12. Whiting DL, Deane FP, Simpson GK, McLeod HJ, Ciarrochi J. Cognitive and psychological flexibility after a traumatic brain injury and the implications for treatment in acceptance-based therapies: A conceptual review. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2017; 27(2): 263-299.
13. Koesten J, Schrod P, Ford DJ. Cognitive Flexibility as a Mediator of Family Communication Environments and Young Adults’ Well-Being. Health Commun, 2009; 24: 82–94.
14. Verhaeghen P, Joormann J, Khan R. Why We Sing the Blues: The Relation between Self-Reflective Rumination, Mood, and Creativity. Emot. 2005; 5: 226-232.
15. Jafari F, Yousefi Z, Manshaee G-R. Mothers Characters and Adolescence Depression. Open J Depress. 2014; 3: 45-51.
16. Heimberg RG, Chena EY. Contributions of cognitive inflexibility to eating disorder and social anxiety symptoms. Eat Behav. 2016; 21: 30–32.
17. Riskind JH, Sica C, Bottesi G, Ghisi M, Kashdan TB. Cognitive vulnerabilities in parents as a potential risk factor for anxiety symptoms in young adult offspring: An exploration of looming cognitive style. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiat. 2017; 54: 229-238.
18. Brumariu LE, Kerns KA. Mother–child emotion communication and childhood anxiety symptoms, Cognit Emot. 2015; 29(3): 416-431.
19. Lau JYF, Pettit E, Creswell C. Reducing children’s social anxiety symptoms: Exploring a novel parent-administered cognitive bias modification training intervention Behav Res Ther. 2013; 51: 333-337.
20. Kortlander E, Kendal PC, & Panichelli-Mindel SM. Maternal Expectations and Attributions about Coping in Anxious Children. J Anxiety Disord. 1997; 11(3): 297-315.
21. Dennis JP, Vanderwall JS. The cognitive flexibility inventory: instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognit Ther Res. 2010; 34 (3): 241-253.
22. Shareh H, Farmani A, Soltani E. Investigating the Reliability and Validity of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI-I) among Iranian University Students. Pract Clin Psychol. 2014; 2(1): 43-50.
23. Kovacs M, Beck AT. An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. In Schulterbrandt JG, Raskin A. editors. Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment, and conceptual models. New York: Raven Press; 1977: 1-25.
24. Smukher MR, Craighead WE, Craighead LW & Green BJ. Normative and Reliability Data for the Children's Depression Inventory. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1986; 14(1): 25-39.
25. Dehshiri GR, Najafi M, Shikhi M, Habibi Askarabad M. Investigating Primary Psychometric Properties of Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). J Fam Res. 2009; 5(2): 159-177. [Persian].
26. Masia-Warner C, Storch EA, Pincus DB, Klein RG, Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents: An Initial Psychometric Investigation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003; 42(9): 1076-1084.
27. Dadsetan P, Anari A, Saleh Sedghpour B. Social Anxiety Disorders and Drama-Therapy. J Iran Psychol. 2008; 4(14): 115-123. [Persian].
28. Affrunti NW, Ginsburg GS. Maternal Overcontrol and Child Anxiety: The Mediating Role of Perceived Competence. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2012; 43: 102–112.
29. Moghaddam poor N, Sepahvand T. Social Anxiety in Primary School Children based on the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Cognitive Flexibility of Mothers. J Child Ment Health. 2018; 5(2): 14-24.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
